13 January 2015

The Gospel Rosary

The Scripture passages used herein are taken from the New Revised Standard Version Bible, © 1989, Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America.  Used by permission.  All rights reserved.

I call this the Gospel Rosary because it follows the timeline of the gospels and because it is more about the message than the creeds.  It begins with the Baptism rather than with the Nativity and Infancy narratives because those were very late additions to the Gospel of Matthew and the Gospel of Luke.

This formula is meant to be said on a rosary of five decades.  There are three chaplets of events or “mysteries” for Monday-Thursday, Tuesday-Friday, and Wednesday-Saturday, and a fourth chaplet especially for Sunday.  The first three follow events of the life of Jesus from the Baptism through the Beatific Vision in chronological sequence; the fourth showcases encounters in which Jesus demonstrated that the greatest calling is to love.

There are four prayers for the small beads of the decades to be changed throughout the church year: a Memorial of the Incarnation, a Memorial of the Redemption, a Memorial of the Resurrection, and a Memorial of the Illumination.

Opening prayers

Sign of the Cross (Signum Crucis)

In the Name of the Creator, and of the Redeemer, and of the Transformer, the One who is compassionate and mercifulAmen.

Still holding the cross, say:

Preces

V. Lord, open our lips.
R. And our mouth shall proclaim your praise.
V. O God, make speed to save us.
R. O Lord, make haste to help us.
V. Glory be to the Father, through the Son, in the Holy Spirit:
R.  As it was, is now, and always shall be, forever and ever.  Amen.  Alleluia. 

In Lent, in place of “Alleluia” say: Praise to you, O Christ, King of eternal glory.

On the large bead say:

Lord’s Prayer

Father, blessed be your name.  May your dominion come and your will be done.  Let your Holy Spirit come upon us and cleanse us.  Give us what is sufficient day-by-day.  Forgive us our debts, as we forgive those indebted to us.  And save us from succumbing to temptation.  Amen.

Or this:

Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name.  Your kingdom come.  Your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven.  Give us each day our daily bread.  Forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors.  Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.  Amen.

On the three small beads say, meditating on Faith, Hope, and Love:

Trisagion

Holy God,
Holy and Mighty,
Holy Immortal One,
Have mercy upon us.

On the chain say:

Minor Doxology (Gloria Patri)

Glory be to the Father, through the Son, in the Holy Spirit: As it was, is now, and always shall be, forever and ever.  Amen.

For each decade of beads:

On each large bead, say:

Father, blessed be your name.  May your dominion come and your will be done.  Let your Holy Spirit come upon us and cleanse us.  Give us what is sufficient day-by-day.  Forgive us our debts, as we forgive those indebted to us.  And save us from succumbing to temptation.  Amen.

On each of the ten small beads, say one of the following, according to the season:

From the First Sunday in Advent thru the Saturday before Transfiguration Sunday:

Memorial of the Incarnation (Gaude Maria)

Rejoice, Mary, favored one, for the Lord is with you: Blessed are you among women, Theotokos, and blessed is the fruit of your womb, Jesus.  Amen.

Or this alternate form:

(Ave Maria)

Hail, Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with you: Blessed are you among women, Theotokos, and blessed is the fruit of your womb, Jesus.  Amen.

From Transfiguration Sunday thru Holy Saturday, say:

Memorial of the Redemption (Salvator Mundi)

O Savior of the world, who by your cross and precious blood have redeemed us: Save us and help us, we humbly pray.  Amen.

From Easter Sunday thru Pentecost, say:

Memorial of the Resurrection (Pascha Nostrum)

Alleluia.  Christ our Passover has been raised from the dead.  Alleluia.  The first fruits of those who have fallen asleep.  Amen.  Alleluia.

From Whit Monday thru the Saturday before Advent, say:

Memorial of the Illumination (Verbum Incarnavit)

The Word lived among us, full of grace and truth, a light shining in the darkness: We have seen the glory of this, the Chosen One, and through him that of God.  Amen.

On the chain at the end of the first four decades, say:

Glory be to the Father, through the Son, in the Holy Spirit: As it was, is now, and always shall be, forever and ever.  Amen.

And then add:

Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior, have mercy upon me, a sinner.

On the chain at the end of the fifth decade, substitute the Major Doxology (Gloria in excelsis) for the Minor (Gloria Patri).

            Glory to God in the highest, peace on earth, and good will among humanity.
            Lord God, heavenly King, almighty God and Father, we worship you, we give you thanks, we praise you for your glory.
            Lord Jesus Christ, only Son of the Father, Lord God, Lamb of God, you take away the sin of the world: have mercy on us; you are seated at the right hand of the Father: receive our prayer.
            For you alone are the Holy One, you alone are the Lord, you alone are the Most High, Jesus Christ, with the Holy Spirit, in the glory of God the Father. Amen.

Then say:

Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, Savior, have mercy upon me, a sinner.

Followed by the closing prayers below, after the Mysteries.

First Chaplet

To be said Mondays and Thursdays

1. The Baptism of Jesus
(Luke 3:2-3, 15-16, 21-22)

During the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas, the word of God came to John son of Zechariah in the wilderness.  He went into all the region around the Jordan, proclaiming a baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins.  As the people were filled with expectation, and all were questioning in their hearts concerning John, whether he might be the Messiah, John answered all of them by saying, “I baptize you with water; but one who is more powerful than I is coming; I am not worthy to untie the thong of his sandals. He will baptize you with the Holy Spirit and fire.”  Now when all the people were baptized, and when Jesus also had been baptized and was praying, the heaven was opened, and the Holy Spirit descended upon him in bodily form like a dove.  And a voice came from heaven, “You are my Son, the Beloved; today I have begotten you.”

2. The Wedding at Cana
(John 2:1-12)

On the third day there was a wedding in Cana of Galilee, and the mother of Jesus was there.  Jesus and his disciples had also been invited to the wedding. When the wine gave out, the mother of Jesus said to him, “They have no wine.”  And Jesus said to her, “Woman, what concern is that to you and to me? My hour has not yet come.”  His mother said to the servants, “Do whatever he tells you.”  Now standing there were six stone water jars for the Jewish rites of purification, each holding twenty or thirty gallons.  Jesus said to them, “Fill the jars with water.” And they filled them up to the brim.  He said to them, “Now draw some out, and take it to the chief steward.” So they took it.  When the steward tasted the water that had become wine, and did not know where it came from (though the servants who had drawn the water knew), the steward called the bridegroom and said to him, “Everyone serves the good wine first, and then the inferior wine after the guests have become drunk. But you have kept the good wine until now.”  Jesus did this, the first of his signs, in Cana of Galilee, and revealed his glory; and his disciples believed in him.  After this he went down to Capernaum with his mother, his brothers, and his disciples; and they remained there a few days.

3. The Proclamation of the Kingdom
(Luke 4:16-21; 7:20, 22)

When he came to Nazareth, where he had been brought up, he went to the synagogue on the Sabbath day, as was his custom. He stood up to read, and the scroll of the prophet Isaiah was given to him. He unrolled the scroll and found the place where it was written: “The Spirit of the Lord is upon me, because he has anointed me to bring good news to the poor.  He has sent me to proclaim release to the captives and recovery of sight to the blind, to let the oppressed go free to proclaim the year of the Lord’s jubilee.”  And he rolled up the scroll, gave it back to the attendant, and sat down. The eyes of all in the synagogue were fixed on him.  Then he began to say to them, “Today this scripture has been fulfilled in your hearing.”

When the men had come to him, they said, “John the Baptist has sent us to you to ask, ‘Are you the one who is to come, or are we to wait for another?’”  And he answered them, “Go and tell John what you have seen and heard: the blind receive their sight, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, the deaf hear, the dead are raised, the poor have good news brought to them.”

4. Anointing at Simon the Pharisee’s house
(Luke 7:36-44a)

One of the Pharisees asked Jesus to eat with him, and he went into the Pharisee’s house and took his place at the table.  And a woman in the city, who was a sinner, having learned that he was eating in the Pharisee’s house, brought an alabaster jar of ointment.  She stood behind him at his feet, weeping, and began to bathe his feet with her tears and to dry them with her hair. Then she continued kissing his feet and anointing them with the ointment. Now when the Pharisee who had invited him saw it, he said to himself, “If this man were a prophet, he would have known who and what kind of woman this is who is touching him—that she is a sinner.”  Jesus spoke up and said to him, “Simon, I have something to say to you.” “Teacher,” he replied, “speak.”   “A certain creditor had two debtors; one owed five hundred denarii, and the other fifty.  When they could not pay, he canceled the debts for both of them. Now which of them will love him more?”  Simon answered, “I suppose the one for whom he canceled the greater debt.” And Jesus said to him, “You have judged rightly.”

5. The Feeding of the Five Thousand
(Mark 6:34-44)

As he went ashore, he saw a great crowd; and he had compassion for them, because they were like sheep without a shepherd; and he began to teach them many things.  When it grew late, his disciples came to him and said, “This is a deserted place, and the hour is now very late; send them away so that they may go into the surrounding country and villages and buy something for themselves to eat.”  But he answered them, “You give them something to eat.” They said to him, “Are we to go and buy two hundred denarii worth of bread, and give it to them to eat?”  And he said to them, “How many loaves have you? Go and see.” When they had found out, they said, “Five, and two fish.”  Then he ordered them to get all the people to sit down in groups on the green grass.  So they sat down in groups of hundreds and of fifties.  Taking the five loaves and the two fish, he looked up to heaven, and blessed and broke the loaves, and gave them to his disciples to set before the people; and he divided the two fish among them all.  And all ate and were filled; and they took up twelve baskets full of broken pieces and of the fish.  Those who had eaten the loaves numbered five thousand.

Second Chaplet

To be said Tuesdays and Fridays

6. The Confession of Peter
(Matthew 16:13-17)

Now when Jesus came into the district of Caesarea Philippi, he asked his disciples, “Who do people say that the Son of Man is?”  And they said, “Some say John the Baptist, but others Elijah, and still others Jeremiah or one of the prophets.”  He said to them, “But who do you say that I am?”  Simon Peter answered, “You are the Messiah, the Son of the living God.”  And Jesus answered him, “Blessed are you, Simon son of Jonah! For flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but my Father in heaven.”

7. The Transfiguration
(Mark 9:2-8)

Six days later, Jesus took with him Peter and James and John, and led them up a high mountain apart, by themselves. And he was transfigured before them,  and his clothes became dazzling white, such as no one on earth could bleach them.  And there appeared to them Elijah with Moses, who were talking with Jesus.  Then Peter said to Jesus, “Rabbi, it is good for us to be here; let us make three shrines, one for you, one for Moses, and one for Elijah.”  He did not know what to say, for they were terrified.  Then a cloud overshadowed them, and from the cloud there came a voice, “This is my Son, the Beloved; listen to him!”  Suddenly when they looked around, they saw no one with them anymore, but only Jesus.

8. The Cleansing of the Temple
(John 2:13-19)

The Passover of the Jews was near, and Jesus went up to Jerusalem.  In the temple he found people selling cattle, sheep, and doves, and the money changers seated at their tables.  Making a whip of cords, he drove all of them out of the temple, both the sheep and the cattle. He also poured out the coins of the money changers and overturned their tables.  He told those who were selling the doves, “Take these things out of here! Stop making my Father’s house a marketplace!”  His disciples remembered that it was written, “Zeal for your house will consume me.”  The Jews then said to him, “What sign can you show us for doing this?”  Jesus answered them, “Destroy this temple, and in three days I will raise it up.”

9. The Institution of the Eucharist
(Luke 22:14-20)

When the hour came, he took his place at the table, and the apostles with him.  He said to them, “I have eagerly desired to eat this Passover with you before I suffer;  for I tell you, I will not eat it until it is fulfilled in the kingdom of God.”  Then he took a cup, and after giving thanks he said, “Take this and divide it among yourselves; for I tell you that from now on I will not drink of the fruit of the vine until the kingdom of God comes.”  Then he took a loaf of bread, and when he had given thanks, he broke it and gave it to them, saying, “This is my body, which is given for you. Do this in remembrance of me.”  And he did the same with the cup after supper, saying, “This cup that is poured out for you is the new covenant in my blood.”

10. The Crucifixion
(Mark 15:23-37)

And they offered him wine mixed with myrrh; but he did not take it.  And they crucified him, and divided his clothes among them, casting lots to decide what each should take.  It was nine o’clock in the morning when they crucified him.  The inscription of the charge against him read, “The King of the Jews.”  And with him they crucified two bandits, one on his right and one on his left.  Those who passed by derided him, shaking their heads and saying, “Aha! You who would destroy the temple and build it in three days, save yourself, and come down from the cross!”  In the same way the chief priests, along with the scribes, were also mocking him among themselves and saying, “He saved others; he cannot save himself.  Let the Messiah, the King of Israel, come down from the cross now, so that we may see and believe.” Those who were crucified with him also taunted him.  When it was noon, darkness came over the whole land until three in the afternoon.  At three o’clock Jesus cried out with a loud voice, “Eloi, Eloi, lema sabachthani?” which means, “My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?”  When some of the bystanders heard it, they said, “Listen, he is calling for Elijah.”  And someone ran, filled a sponge with sour wine, put it on a stick, and gave it to him to drink, saying, “Wait, let us see whether Elijah will come to take him down.”  Then Jesus gave a loud cry and breathed his last.

Third Chaplet

To be said Wednesdays and Saturdays

11. The Resurrection
(Matthew 28:1-10)

After the Sabbath, as the first day of the week was dawning, Mary Magdalene and the other Mary went to see the tomb.  And suddenly there was a great earthquake; for an angel of the Lord, descending from heaven, came and rolled back the stone and sat on it.  His appearance was like lightning, and his clothing white as snow.  For fear of him the guards shook and became like dead men.  But the angel said to the women, “Do not be afraid; I know that you are looking for Jesus who was crucified.  He is not here; for he has been raised, as he said. Come, see the place where he lay.  Then go quickly and tell his disciples, ‘He has been raised from the dead, and indeed he is going ahead of you to Galilee; there you will see him.’ This is my message for you.”  So they left the tomb quickly with fear and great joy, and ran to tell his disciples.  Suddenly Jesus met them and said, “Greetings!” And they came to him, took hold of his feet, and worshiped him.   Then Jesus said to them, “Do not be afraid; go and tell my brothers to go to Galilee; there they will see me.”

12. The Ascension
(Acts 1:6-11)

So when they had come together, they asked him, “Lord, is this the time when you will restore the kingdom to Israel?”  He replied, “It is not for you to know the times or periods that the Father has set by his own authority.  But you will receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you; and you will be my witnesses in Jerusalem, in all Judea and Samaria, and to the ends of the earth.”  When he had said this, as they were watching, he was lifted up, and a cloud took him out of their sight.  While he was going and they were gazing up toward heaven, suddenly two men in white robes stood by them.  They said, “Men of Galilee, why do you stand looking up toward heaven? This Jesus, who has been taken up from you into heaven, will come in the same way as you saw him go into heaven.”

13. The Descent of the Holy Spirit
(Acts 1:13-14, 2:1-4)

When they had entered the city, they went to the room upstairs where they were staying, Peter, and John, and James, and Andrew, Philip and Thomas, Bartholomew and Matthew, James son of Alphaeus, and Simon the Zealot, and Judas son of James.  All these were constantly devoting themselves to prayer, together with certain women, including Mary the mother of Jesus, as well as his brothers.  When the day of Pentecost had come, they were all together in one place.  And suddenly from heaven there came a sound like the rush of a violent wind, and it filled the entire house where they were sitting.  Divided tongues, as of fire, appeared among them, and a tongue rested on each of them.  All of them were filled with the Holy Spirit and began to speak in other languages, as the Spirit gave them ability.

14. The Community of Saints
(1 Corinthians 12:22-27)

On the contrary, the members of the body that seem to be weaker are indispensable, and those members of the body that we think less honorable we clothe with greater honor, and our less respectable members are treated with greater respect; whereas our more respectable members do not need this. But God has so arranged the body, giving the greater honor to the inferior member, that there may be no dissension within the body, but the members may have the same care for one another.  If one member suffers, all suffer together with it; if one member is honored, all rejoice together with it. Now you are the body of Christ and individually members of it.

15. The Beatific Vision
(Revelation 4:1-11)

After this I looked, and there in heaven a door stood open! And the first voice, which I had heard speaking to me like a trumpet, said, “Come up here, and I will show you what must take place after this.”  At once I was in the spirit, and there in heaven stood a throne, with one seated on the throne!  And the one seated there looks like jasper and carnelian, and around the throne is a rainbow that looks like an emerald.  Around the throne are twenty-four thrones, and seated on the thrones are twenty-four elders, dressed in white robes, with golden crowns on their heads.  Coming from the throne are flashes of lightning, and rumblings and peals of thunder, and in front of the throne burn seven flaming torches, which are the seven spirits of God; and in front of the throne there is something like a sea of glass, like crystal.  Around the throne, and on each side of the throne, are four living creatures, full of eyes in front and behind:  the first living creature like a lion, the second living creature like an ox, the third living creature with a face like a human face, and the fourth living creature like a flying eagle.  And the four living creatures, each of them with six wings, are full of eyes all around and inside. Day and night without ceasing they sing, “Holy, holy, holy, the Lord God the Almighty, who was and is and is to come.”  And whenever the living creatures give glory and honor and thanks to the one who is seated on the throne, who lives forever and ever,  the twenty-four elders fall before the one who is seated on the throne and worship the one who lives forever and ever; they cast their crowns before the throne, singing, “You are worthy, our Lord and God, to receive glory and honor and power, for you created all things, and by your will they existed and were created.”

Fourth Chaplet

To be said Sundays

16. On the Sabbath
(Mark 2:23-27)

One Sabbath he was going through the grain fields; and as they made their way his disciples began to pluck heads of grain.  The Pharisees said to him, “Look, why are they doing what is not lawful on the Sabbath?”  And he said to them, “Have you never read what David did when he and his companions were hungry and in need of food?  He entered the house of God, when Abiathar was high priest, and ate the bread of the Presence, which it is not lawful for any but the priests to eat, and he gave some to his companions.”  Then he said to them, “The Sabbath was made for humankind, and not humankind for the Sabbath”.

17. Samaritan woman at the well
(John 4:5-7, 9a, 10-15)

So he came to a Samaritan city called Sychar, near the plot of ground that Jacob had given to his son Joseph. Jacob’s well was there, and Jesus, tired out by his journey, was sitting by the well. It was about noon.  A Samaritan woman came to draw water, and Jesus said to her, “Give me a drink.”  The Samaritan woman said to him, “How is it that you, a Jew, ask a drink of me, a woman of Samaria?”  Jesus answered her, “If you knew the gift of God, and who it is that is saying to you, ‘Give me a drink,’ you would have asked him, and he would have given you living water.”  The woman said to him, “Sir, you have no bucket, and the well is deep. Where do you get that living water?  Are you greater than our ancestor Jacob, who gave us the well, and with his sons and his flocks drank from it?”  Jesus said to her, “Everyone who drinks of this water will be thirsty again, but those who drink of the water that I will give them will never be thirsty. The water that I will give will become in them a spring of water gushing up to eternal life.”  The woman said to him, “Sir, give me this water, so that I may never be thirsty or have to keep coming here to draw water.”

18. Healing of the Centurion’s servant
(Matthew 8:5-8, 10, 13)

When he entered Capernaum, a centurion came to him, appealing to him and saying, “Lord, my servant is lying at home paralyzed, in terrible distress.”  And he said to him, “I will come and cure him.”  The centurion answered, “Lord, I am not worthy to have you come under my roof; but only speak the word, and my servant will be healed”.  When Jesus heard him, he was amazed and said to those who followed him, “Truly I tell you, in no one in Israel have I found such faith.”  And to the centurion Jesus said, “Go; let it be done for you according to your faith.” And the servant was healed in that hour.

19. The Woman Caught in Adultery
(John 8:3-11)

The scribes and the Pharisees brought a woman who had been caught in adultery; and making her stand before all of them, they said to him, “Teacher, this woman was caught in the very act of committing adultery.  Now in the law Moses commanded us to stone such women. Now what do you say?”  They said this to test him, so that they might have some charge to bring against him. Jesus bent down and wrote with his finger on the ground.  When they kept on questioning him, he straightened up and said to them, “Let anyone among you who is without sin be the first to throw a stone at her.”  And once again he bent down and wrote on the ground.   When they heard it, they went away, one by one, beginning with the elders; and Jesus was left alone with the woman standing before him.  Jesus straightened up and said to her, “Woman, where are they? Has no one condemned you?”  She said, “No one, sir.”  And Jesus said, “Neither do I condemn you. Go your way, and from now on do not sin again.”

20. Render unto God what is his
(Matthew 22:15-21)

Then the Pharisees went and plotted to entrap him in what he said.  So they sent their disciples to him, along with the Herodians, saying, “Teacher, we know that you are sincere, and teach the way of God in accordance with truth, and show deference to no one; for you do not regard people with partiality.  Tell us, then, what you think. Is it lawful to pay taxes to the emperor, or not?”  But Jesus, aware of their malice, said, “Why are you putting me to the test, you hypocrites?  Show me the coin used for the tax.” And they brought him a denarius.  Then he said to them, “Whose head is this, and whose title?”  They answered, “The emperor’s.” Then he said to them, “Give therefore to the emperor the things that are the emperor’s, and to God the things that are God’s.”

Closing prayers:

After the Major Doxology at the end of the fifth decade and the Jesus Prayer, say:

Peace Prayer

Remind us, Rabbana, to be instruments of your peace.  Let us show love where there is hatred; pardon where there is injury; union where there is discord; trust where there is doubt; hope where there is despair; your light where there is darkness; joy where there is sadness.  May we seek rather to console than to be consoled; to understand than to understood; to love than to be loved. For it is in giving that we receive; it is in pardoning that we are forgiven; and it is in dying that we live.  Amen.

Great Commandment prayer

May we love the Lord our God who is the One with all our heart, with all our soul, with all our mind, and with all our strength.  May we love our neighbors as ourselves.  And may we love one another, Rabbana, just as you loved us, for there is no greater calling than to love.  Amen.


11 January 2015

Murder in Paris

The cartoonists and journalists who died at Charlie Hebdo on Black Wednesday would have had nothing but utter contempt for the dog and pony show perpetrated on their graves this Sunday.  I wish they were able to publishing in this week’s edition along with their still-living colleagues to show just how deep that contempt would be.  The jockeying for position at the head of the march disgraced all of those opportunistic so-called “leaders”.  Their own interests is all that they serve.  They surely do not serve liberty, equality, or fraternity.  Not one of them.  They remind me of the opportunistic infections contracted by someone with AIDS.

Hollande couldn’t avoid being there, but the rest should have stayed home.  The phrase that for me best fits all those so-called “leaders” (except for Hollande) is “walang hiya”. It's Tagalog for “no shame”, but it doesn't carry the same weight in translation to English that it has in Tagalog.

After watching clips and reading stories all day, posting most of them to Facebook and Twitter, sharing several of their cartoons, I texted my son to tell him I had just heard of openings at a satirical magazine in Paris, where I lived for a few months in 2011.  Dark, yes, but the people at Charlie Hebdo would have gotten the joke.

The same phrase, walang hiya, comes to mind when Bill Donohue of the Catholic League and media mogul Rupert Murdoch suggest that they somehow contributed to their own deaths.  I wonder if either of the two would feel so righteously sanctimonious were it they in the morgue rather than the cartoonists and writers.

I have equal contempt for those on those on both wings of the political spectrum who have used the incidents of the past week to thump their own agenda.

The right wing, the ultra-Zionists, uber-Christians, and neoconservative imperialists try to further their Islamophobic, anti-Arab agenda and drum up support for their own power.  They are the very creators of the conditions which brought these events about, not the victims.  So, more of the same noise, noise, noise we’ve been hearing for the past thirteen years and four months.

Meanwhile, many on the left step forward as the great protectors of their little brown brothers to suggest, like Donohue, that the dead were somehow culpable for their own homicides because of the content of their publication.  Yea, great way to support free speech.  And, by the way, most of the folks you pretend to protect are among the most appalled at this past week’s atrocities and the most embarrassed by you.  Your patronizing presumption is no less imperialist than that of the right that you scorn.

Lastly, the wing-nuts and their gullible followers trying to claim “false flag”.  Get a life.  Give the dead the dignity of having been murdered for the reasons they were murdered by the two people, Said and Cherif Kouachi, who actually killed them rather than inventing ghosts and goblins and “parallel structures” and nefarious X-Files style plots.

We can’t forget that two cops trying to do their duty, both trying to protect the other victims, died also, one shot dead even after being neutralized already, himself a Muslim, one of those in whose name the Kouachi brothers purportedly perpetrated their acts. 

Another officer died the next day at the hands of a confederate of the Kouachis, Amedly Coulibaly, just fifteen days out of the academy.  Unarmed, she was directing traffic at the time and was killed for her uniform.  On Friday, Coulibaly murdered four men in a kosher grocery for the crime of being Jewish, deaths as purposeless as the officer’s of the day before.  Thirteen others patrons were saved by the quick-thinking of the grocery’s Muslim employee.

None of the seventeen dead in any way deserved to have their natural lives cut short at the hands of another human.  None deserve to have their deaths used as a political prop.

To the opportunistic “leaders”, the talking heads and ideologues on the right and the left, the conspiracy theorists, the Islamophobes, and most of all to the dead murderers, I hold up my pen, and give up the thumbs-up, Iranian-style.


Je suis Charlie.
  

Je suis Ahmed.  


Je suis Clarissa.  


Je suis Juif.  


Merci , Lassana.


There is but one race, the human race.  I am a Terran, a citizen of Earth; the whole world is my home, and all its people my brothers, sisters, and cousins.


The Carthusian Rosary

This form of the Rosary, also known as the Life of Christ Rosary, was written by the Carthusian monk Dominic of Prussia near the end of the fourteenth century.  Its use is much more flexible than the more common Dominican Rosary; the entire fifty Hail Marys do not have to be said for it to be valid.  The opening and closing prayers are likewise optional.

Begin with:

Our Father who art in heaven, hallowed be thy Name.  Thy kingdom come.  Thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven.  Give us this day our daily bread.  And forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those who trespass against us.  Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.  Amen.

Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Spirit: As it was in the beginning, is now, and every shall be, world without end.  Amen.

For each of the fifty small beads, say the following:

Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with thee; blessed art thou amongst women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, 

Conclude this with one of the following themes, after which say, "Amen.  Alleluia."  For example, "Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with thee; blessed art thou amongst women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus, conceived of the Holy Spirit during the Annunciation of the Angel.  Amen.  Alleluia."

1. Jesus, conceived of the Holy Spirit during the Annunciation of the Angel.

2. Jesus, who together with you who has conceived him, visits Saint Elizabeth.

3. Jesus, to whom you, virgin in body and soul, have given birth with joy.

4. Jesus, whom you have fed from your virginal breast, adoring in him the creator.

5. Jesus, whom you have swaddled in clothes and placed him in a crib.

6. Jesus, whom the Angels celebrated singing Gloria in excelsis and the shepherds visited in Bethlehem.

7. Jesus, who received his circumcision on the eighth day, and was given the name of Jesus.

8. Jesus, whom the Magi adored while filling him with gifts.

9. Jesus, who was carried by you to the Temple and presented to God, his Father.

10. Jesus, who was received in the arms of old Simeon, and recognized by the holy widow, Anna.

11. Jesus, with whom you fled into Egypt, because of Herod’s persecution.

12. Jesus, with whom you returned home seven years later, as told by the Angel.

13. Jesus, lost in Jerusalem when he was twelve years old, and found again in the temple after three days.

14. Jesus, who each day grew further in age and grace before God and men.

15. Jesus, whom John had baptized in the Jordan and shown out to be the Lamb of God.

16. Jesus, who, having fasted for forty days in the desert, has won over the temptations put to him by the Enemy.

17. Jesus, who, after having chosen the disciples, preached the kingdom of God.

18. Jesus, who opened the eyes of the blind, healed lepers, rose to their feet paralyzed persons and freed those possessed by the devil.

19. Jesus, whose feet were washed with Mary Magdalene’s tears, dried with her hair, anointed with her perfume.

20. Jesus, who rose Lazarus and other persons who were dead.

21. Jesus, triumphally acclaimed by his people on Palm Sunday.

22. Jesus, who in the Last Supper instituted the sacrament of his Body and Blood.

23. Jesus, who in the garden, after having prayed for long, sweat profuse blood.

24. Jesus, who, meeting his enemies, gave up himself willingly in their hands.

25. Jesus, captured and bound with force by those sent by the Jews, was so led to the high priest.
26. Jesus, who, being falsely accused, was blindfolded, hit and covered with spit.

27. Jesus, before Caiphas and Pilate, is given the burden of the cross to bear like a malefactor.
28. Jesus, has his clothes taken off and is cruelly whipped on order given by Pilate.

29. Jesus, crowned with thorns, is covered with a purple mantle and hailed king by mocking soldiers.

30. Jesus, who is condemned to a wicked death and led to face torment between two thieves.
31. Jesus, nailed to the cross and made to drink gall and vinegar.

32. Jesus, while praying for his murderers, said:  “Father, forgive them, for they know not what they are doing.”

33. Jesus, who said to the thief who was crucified on his right hand:  “Truly I say to you, today you will be with me in heaven.”

34. Jesus, who said to you, his Mother:  “Mother, here is your son”; and to John: “Here is your Mother.”

35. Jesus, who cried from the cross:  “My God, my God, why have you abandoned Me?”

36. Jesus, who said:  “I thirst!” and after having tasted the vinegar cried out:  “It is all accomplished.”

37. Jesus, who at the end cried out”  “Father, in you hands I put my spirit.”

38. Jesus, who for us, poor sinners, has suffered a cruel and painful death.

39. Jesus, whose side was pierced with a spear, pours out Blood and Water for the forgiveness of our sins.

40. Jesus, whose sacred body was brought down from the cross, was received in your arms according to a pious saying.

41. Jesus, whose body was wrapped in a sheet and wrapped with herbs and spices was laid in the grave by holy men.

42. Jesus, whose grave was sealed and guards put beside it by the Jews.

43. Jesus, whose holy soul descended to Hades, to conduct the holy patriarchs to heaven.

44. Jesus, who rose from the dead on the third day, filling you, his holy Mother, with an ineffable joy.

45. Jesus, who after his Resurrection appeared frequently to his disciples and friends to strengthen their faith.

46. Jesus, who, before you and his apostles, ascended into heaven and is sitting on the right hand of the Father.

47. Jesus, who, as he had promised, sent the Holy Spirit on his apostles on Pentecost Sunday.

48. Jesus, who has finally called you to him, oh sweet Mother of his, placing you on his right hand and crowning you with glory.

49. Jesus, who wants to call us after this miserable life, us servants of his and yours, and receive us in his Father’s Kingdom.

50. Jesus, who reigns together with the Father and the Holy Spirit, and with you most Holy Mother, triumphant and glorious forever.

Upon concluding your prayers, say:


Oh Immaculate, ever blessed and glorious Virgin Mary, Mother of God; oh Temple of God, the most beautiful of all temples; oh Doorway of the Kingdom of Heaven through which the whole world has been saved, do hear me mercifully, and become my sweet protectress, for me a poor and wretched sinner. Be my help in all my needs. Amen.

10 January 2015

Imaginary Quran versus real Quran

During an argument in the aftermath of the Black Wednesday massacre at the magazine Charlie Hebdo in Paris in which twelve people were murdered for exercising their freedom of speech, the Thursday double-shooting which left a police officer dead, and the Friday attack at the kosher deli in which four men were murdered because they were Jewish, my opponent offered the following as verses from the Quran to support his argument that Islam is about killing infidels.

The problem is that they were all bullshit.  Not his, mind you, they are from a collection of pseudo-verses of the Quran making rounds on the world wide web among the Islamophobia R Us-Anders Breivik Fan Club crowd.  It was a rather simple matter to debunk this crap since there are plenty of websites with the Quran in English and Arabic online.  The actual texts of the citations follow each of his pseudo-verses:

Slay the unbelievers wherever you find them (2:191)

2:191 actually says " And kill them wherever you overtake them and expel them from wherever they have expelled you, and fitnah is worse than killing. And do not fight them at al-Masjid al- Haram until they fight you there. But if they fight you, then kill them. Such is the recompense of the disbelievers."

Muslims must not take the infidels as friends (3:28)

3:28 actually says, " ‘Thou makest the night pass into the day and makest the day pass into the night. And Thou bringest forth the living from the dead and bringest forth the dead from the living. And Thou givest to whomsoever Thou pleasest without measure.’ "

Any religion other than Islam is not acceptable (3:85)

3:85 actually says, " Say, ‘We believe in Allah and in that which has been revealed to us, and that which was revealed to Abraham and Ishmael and Isaac and Jacob and the Tribes, and that which was given to Moses and Jesus and other Prophets from their Lord. We make no distinction between any of them, and to Him we submit.’ "

Maim and crucify the infidels if they criticise Islam. (5:33)

5:33 actually says, " On account of this, We prescribed for the children of Israel that whosoever killed a person — unless it be for killing a person or for creating disorder in the land — it shall be as if he had killed all mankind; and whoso gave life to one, it shall be as if he had given life to all mankind. And Our Messengers came to them with clear Signs, yet even after that, many of them commit excesses in the land. " (The parenthetical clause is a much later interpolation and not original.)

Terrorise and behead those who believe in scriptures other than the Qur’an (8:12)

8:12 actually says, " When He caused sleep to come upon you as a sign of security from Him, and He sent down water upon you from the clouds, that thereby He might purify you, and remove from you the filth of Satan, and that He might strengthen your hearts and make your steps firm therewith. "

Muslims must muster all weapons to terrorise the infidels (8:60)

8:60 actually says, " And let not those who disbelieve think that they have outstripped Us. Surely, they cannot frustrate God’s purpose. "

The unbelievers are stupid; urge the Muslims to fight them (8:65)

8:65 actually says, " O Prophet, Allah is sufficient for thee and for those who follow thee of the believers. "

When opportunity arises, kill the infidels wherever you catch them (9:5)

9:5 actually says, " And when the forbidden months have passed, kill the idolaters wherever you find them and take them prisoners, and beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them at every place of ambush. But if they repent and observe Prayer and pay the Zakat, then leave their way free. Surely, Allah is Most Forgiving, Merciful."

The infidels are unclean; do not let them into a mosque (9:28)

9:28 actually says, " O ye who believe! surely, the idolaters are unclean. So they shall not approach the Sacred Mosque after this year of theirs. And if you fear poverty, Allah will enrich you out of His bounty, if He pleases. Surely, Allah is All-Knowing, Wise. "

Kill the Jews and the Christians if they do not convert to Islam or refuse to pay Jizya tax (9:29)

9:29 actually says, " Fight those from among the People of the Book who believe not in Allah, nor in the Last Day, nor hold as unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have declared to be unlawful, nor follow the true religion, until they pay the tax with their own hand and acknowledge their subjection. "

The Jews and the Christians are perverts; fight them (9:30)

9:30 actually says " The Jews say, "Ezra is the son of Allah "; and the Christians say, "The Messiah is the son of Allah ." That is their statement from their mouths; they imitate the saying of those who disbelieved [before them]. May Allah destroy them; how are they deluded?"

Make war on the infidels living in your neighboorhood (9:123)

9:123 actually says, " O ye who believe! fight such of the disbelievers as are near to you and let them find hardness in you; and know that Allah is with the righteous. "

Punish the unbelievers with garments of fire, hooked iron rods, boiling water; melt their skin and bellies (22:19)

22:19 actually says, " Hast thou not seen that to Allah submits whosoever is in the heavens and whosoever is in the earth, and the sun, and the moon, and the stars, and the mountains, and the trees, and the beasts, and many of mankind? But there are many who become deserving of punishment. And whomsoever Allah disgraces, none can raise him to honour. Verily, Allah does what He pleases. "

Do not hanker for peace with the infidels; behead them when you catch them (47:4)

47:4 actually says, " That is because those who disbelieve follow falsehood while those who believe follow the truth from their Lord. Thus does Allah set forth for men their similitudes. "

For comparison, I copied this list of verses of the Bible someone had posted to another site, texts which I know are accurate because most of them are familiar.

KILL anyone who doesn't want me to be their king." Luke 19:27 (actually from a parable, not actual instructions to the disciples)

If a man commits adultery with another man's wife, both the man and the woman must be put to death.  (Leviticus 20:10 NLT)

If your own full brother, or your son or daughter, or your beloved wife, or you intimate friend, entices you secretly to serve other gods, whom you and your fathers have not known..do not yield to him or listen to him, nor look with pity upon him, to spare or shield him, but kill him.  Your hand shall be the first raised to slay him; the rest of the people shall join in with you.  You shall stone him to death, because he sought to lead you astray from the Lord.. (Deuteronomy 13:7-12 NAB)

Evidence of the girls virginity is not found..stone her to death (Deuteronomy  22:20-21 NAB)

 Suppose you hear in one of the towns the LORD your God is giving you that some worthless rabble among you have led their fellow citizens astray by encouraging them to worship other gods..If you find it is true..you must attack that town and completely destroy all its inhabitants, as well as all the livestock. (Deuteronomy 13:13-19 NLT)

Everyone who would not seek the Lord, the God of Israel, was to be put to death, whether small or great, whether man or woman.  (2 Chronicles 15:12-13 NAB)

 A man or a woman who acts as a medium or fortuneteller shall be put to death by stoning (Leviticus 20:27 NAB)

All who curse their father or mother must be put to death.  They are guilty of a capital offense.  (Leviticus 20:9 NLT)

Whoever strikes his father or mother shall be put to death.  (Exodus 21:15 NAB)

A priest's daughter who loses her honor by committing fornication and thereby dishonors her father also, shall be burned to death.  (Leviticus 21:9 NAB)


Suppose a man or woman among you.. violated the covenant by serving other gods..then that man or woman must be taken to the gates of the town and stoned to death.??(Deuteronomy 17:2-5 NLT)

Let the entire community stone him to death..(Leviticus 24:10-16 NLT)

..Keep the Sabbath day, for it is holy. ?Anyone who desecrates it must die; anyone who works on that day will be cut off from the community.??(Exodus 31:12-15 NLT)

Make ready to slaughter his sons for the guilt of their fathers; Lest they rise and posses the earth, and fill the breadth of the world with tyrants.? (Isaiah 14:21 NAB)

..Kill everyone whose forehead is not marked. ?Show no mercy; have no pity!? Kill them all ? old and young, girls and women and little children...Fill its courtyards with the bodies of those you kill! (Ezekiel 9:5-7 NLT)

Anyone who is captured will be run through with a sword.? Their little children will be dashed to death right before their eyes.? Their homes will be sacked and their wives raped by the attacking hordes...The attacking armies will shoot down the young people with arrows.? They will have no mercy on helpless babies and will show no compassion for the children.? (Isaiah 13:15-18 NLT)

Do not spare him, but kill men and women, children and infants, oxen and sheep, camels and asses.' (1 Samuel 15:2-3 NAB)

Cursed be he who does the Lords work remissly, cursed he who holds back his sword from blood.? (Jeremiah 48:10 NAB)

To Islamophobes, uber-Zionists (like Andres Breivik), Christian Supremacists, and other obnoxious types:  please come up with bullshit that is less easily debunked.  This was kind of boring.  It might work for those in the pews drinking your Kool-Aid, but I ain’t one of your nonsapient sheep so you’re not preaching to the choir.


08 January 2015

A short personal Daily Office

Though quite naturally derived primarily from Christian antecedents, these prayers are also influenced by Hindu, Jewish, and Muslim forms and expressions.

Matins (7:00 am)

In the name of the Creator, and of the Redeemer, and of the Transformer, the One who is compassionate and merciful.  Amen.

V: Lord, open our lips.
R: And our mouth shall show your praise.

Blessed are you, O Lord our God, Ruler of the Universe, who beget light and darkness, good and evil, order and chaos, life and death, integrity and entropy.  Yours, O Lord, are the greatness, and the power, and the glory, and the victory, and the majesty; for all that is in the heavens and on the earth is yours; yours is the kingdom, O Lord, and you are exalted as head above all.

Glory be to the Father, through the Son, in the Holy Spirit: As it was, is now, and always shall be, unto aeons of aeons. Amen.

May we love the Lord our God who is the One, both compassionate and merciful, with all our heart, with all our soul, with all our mind, and with all our strength.  May we love our neighbors as ourselves.  And may we love one another, Rabbana, just as you loved us, for there is no greater calling than to love.  Amen.

Father, blessed be your name.  May your dominion come and your will be done.  Let your Holy Spirit come upon us and cleanse us.  Give us what is sufficient day-by-day.  Forgive us our debts, as we forgive those indebted to us.  And save us from succumbing to temptation.  Amen.

Rejoice, Mary, favored one, for the Lord is with you: Blessed are you among women, Theotokos, and blessed is the fruit of your womb, Jesus.  Amen.

Remind us, Rabbana, to be instruments of your peace.  Let us bring love where there is hatred; pardon where there is injury; union where there is discord; trust where there is doubt; hope where there is despair; your light where there is darkness; joy where there is sadness.  May we seek rather to console than to be consoled; to understand than to understood; to love than to be loved. For it is in giving that we receive; it is in pardoning that we are forgiven; and it is in dying that we live.  Amen.

Diurnum (12:00 pm)

In the name of the Creator, and of the Redeemer, and of the Transformer, the One who is compassionate and merciful.  Amen.

V. Worship the Lord in the beauty of holiness
R. Let the whole earth stand in awe of him.

Blessed are you, O Lord our God, Ruler of the Universe, and blessed be your name throughout the infinity of space and the eternity of time.

In you, O Lord, have I taken refuge; *
    let me never be put to shame.
Create in me a clean heart, *
    and renew a right spirit within me.
Cast me not away from your presence *
    and take not your holy Spirit from me.
Into your hands I commend my spirit, *
    for you have redeemed me, O God of truth.
Glory be to the Father, through the Son, in the Holy Spirit:*
    As it was, is now, and always shall be, unto aeons of aeons. Amen.

O Savior of the world, who by your cross and precious blood have redeemed us: Save us and help us, we humbly pray.  Amen.

The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit be with us all, forever and ever.  Amen.

Vespers (5:00 pm)

In the name of the Creator, and of the Redeemer, and of the Transformer, the One who is compassionate and merciful.  Amen.

V. O God, make speed to save us.
R. O Lord, make haste to help us.

Blessed are you, O Lord our God, Ruler of the Universe, who bring on evening and order the stars in their constellations of the sky.  Yours, O Lord, are the greatness, and the power, and the glory, and the victory, and the majesty; for all that is in the heavens and on the earth is yours; yours is the kingdom, O Lord, and you are exalted as head above all. 

Glory be to the Father, through the Son, in the Holy Spirit: As it was, is now, and always shall be, unto aeons of aeons. Amen.

May we love the Lord our God who is the One, both compassionate and merciful, with all our heart, with all our soul, with all our mind, and with all our strength.  May we love our neighbors as ourselves.  And may we love one another, Rabbana, just as you loved us, for there is no greater calling than to loveAmen.

Alleluia.  Christ our Passover has been raised from the dead.  Alleluia.  The first fruits of those who have fallen asleep.  Amen.  Alleluia.

Keep watch, Lord, with those who work, or watch, or weep tonight and give your emissaries charge over those who sleep; tend the sick; give rest to the weary; bless the dying; soothe the suffering; pity the afflicted; and shield the vulnerable. Amen.

Compline (8:15 pm)

In the name of the Creator, and of the Redeemer, and of the Transformer, the One who is compassionate and merciful.  Amen.

V. Our help is in the Name of the Lord;
R. The maker of heaven and earth.

Blessed are you, O Lord our God, Ruler of the Universe, and blessed be your name throughout the infinity of space and the eternity of time.

(Antiphon) Guide us waking, Lord, and guard us sleeping; that awake we may walk with you, and asleep we may rest in peace.

Lord, you now have set your servant free *
    to go in peace as you have promised;
For these eyes of mine have seen the savior, *
    whom you have prepared for all the world to see:
A light to enlighten the Gentiles, *
    and the glory of your people Israel.
Glory be to the Father, through the Son, in the Holy Spirit:*
    As it was, is now, and always shall be, unto aeons of aeons. Amen.

(Antiphon) Guide us waking, Lord, and guard us sleeping; that awake we may walk with you, and asleep we may rest in peace.

The Word lived among us, full of grace and truth, a light shining in the darkness: And we have seen the glory of this, the Chosen One, and through him that of God.  Amen.

May the Lord bless us and keep us.  May the Lord make his face to shine on us and be gracious to us.  May the Lord lift up his countenance and give us peace. Amen.


Notes:

These forms are, to quote an irreverent soldier in the American Civil War, “short and sweet, just like a roasted maggot”.  Mostly because of the prescriptions of Jesus bar Joses (Isho bar Yosef) about avoiding lengthy prayer.

The “hours” are those in use in the Anglican Communion, in particular the Protestant Episcopal Church in the USA.


06 January 2015

The actual Nicene Creed

Despite thirty-four-and-a-half years of being Episcoplian and Roman Catholic, with an interregnum of twelves years of devout atheism, I have never in my life said the Nicene Creed during Mass, not one single time.  Nor has any Christian I know nor any since the latter decades of the fourth century.  The creed most people call the Nicene is properly the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, adopted at the Second Ecumenical Council at Constantinopolis in 381.  There was a creed adopted at the First Ecumenical Council at Nicaea in 325, but it was much shorter.  Its text follows here, translation from the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series 2, Volume 1:

            We believe in one God, the Father Almighty, maker of all things visible and invisible;
            And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the only-begotten of his Father, of the substance of the Father, God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God, not made, consubstantial with the Father.  By whom all things were made, both which be in heaven and in earth.  Who for us men and for our salvation came down from heaven and was incarnate and was made man.  He suffered and the third day he rose again, and ascended into heaven.  And he shall come again to judge both the quick and the dead. 
            And in the Holy Ghost. 

            And whosoever shall say that there was a time when the Son of God was not, or that before he was begotten he was not, or that he was made of things that were not, or that he is of a different substance or essence from the Father or that he is a creature, or subject to change or conversion—all that so say, the Catholic and Apostolic Church anathematizes them.

05 January 2015

Twelfth Night (the holiday, not the play)

While Wikipedia articles often contain detailed accurate information about their subjects, some are confusing and their editors insist on using sources that are not credible.  The article on “Twelfth Night”, the holiday rather than the Shakespeare play, is one such article.  After repeated attempts to correct its serious errors and having those corrections reverted by another editor who is also an administrator, I realize the only venue in which to present an accurate account is here in my own blog.  That’s not usually the case on Wikipedia, mind you, but there are a few times when stubbornness wins out over reason.

I have to confess that I had never heard of Twelfth Night, except for the Shakespeare play, until I read Katherine Kurtz’s Deryni Chronicles.

The “Twelve Days of Christmas” came into being after the West adopted the East’s observance of the Epiphany, though in a somewhat different manner.  In the West, the celebration centers around the visit of the Wise Men, or the Magi, to Bethlehem.  In the East, the celebration focuses on the Baptism of Jesus in the Jordan.  The Church of England, mother church of the Anglican Communion, was at the forefront of making this an official observance of the Church as a whole.

The twelve days begin with 25 December and run through 5 January.  Liturgically, this has always been the case.  Never at any time in the history of the church has Christmas ever included Epiphany, not before the late 20th century.  Let’s count.

25 December = First Day of Christmas
26 December = Second Day of Christmas
27 December = Third Day of Christmas
28 December = Fourth Day of Christmas
29 December = Fifth Day of Christmas
30 December = Sixth Day of Christmas
31 December = Seventh Day of Christmas
1 January = Eighth Day of Christmas
2 January = Ninth Day of Christmas
3 January = Tenth Day of Christmas
4 January = Eleventh Day of Christmas
5 January = Twelfth Day of Christmas

Liturgically, Christmas begins at Vespers what to us in modern day society as the evening before Christmas Day, what most think of as Christmas Eve.  Vespers represents the Hour of the Daily Office marking sunset, which under older tradition began the next day.  That’s why Christmas Mass beginning at four o’clock in the evening still counts as a Christmas Mass.  To avoid this confusion, liturgists usually refer to 24 December as the Vigil of Christmas rather than as Christmas Eve (and the same for the days before other festivals).

By the eleventh century, the custom arose of celebrating the end of the twelve days of Christmas with a huge party on the Twelfth Night.  Now, liturgically Twelfth Night was and still is what to us is the evening of 4 January.  In the eleventh century, in most places popular observance held the same.  Gradually, however, midnight or dawn came to be considered the beginning of a day, after which the evening of 5 January came to be Twelfth Night.  Because of this shift, officially and popularly, in perception of when a day begins, observing Twelfth Night is considered valid even if not 100% liturgically correct.

Despite some commentators opinions, 6 January has never been part of the Twelve Days of Christmas.  At least not in the Church of England or the Anglican Communion whence many Protestant denominations derive their church calendar.  That day has always been the Epiphany in the West.  The idea that Twelfth Night could be or had been celebrated on 6 January most likely arose in that period when the idea about the beginning of a day was shifting from the evening before to the following dawn or midnight.

In England, Christmas was the main observance and celebration until the advent of the rather unjoyous Puritan Commonwealth.  Puritans were very serious about their religion, and their version Christ had no sense of humor or fun whatsoever, and partying for the entire period was banned, often with very serious penalties.  Even with the Restoration, people still hesitated to “blemish” the actual holiday and shifted the fun part to Twelfth  Night.

Three things in the nineteenth century contributed toward reviving interest in Christmas Day itself as the main focus of celebratory indulgence as well as religious devotion.  First was the Catholic Revival of the Oxford Movement within the Anglican Communion.  Second was the novels of Charles Dickens.  Third was Queen Victoria outlawing Twelfth Night in the 1870s because to her its celebrations had gotten out of hand.  With its cessation in England, the tradition of Twelfth Night rapidly faded elsewhere, contributing even more to ignorance of its origins and correct time.

Endnote: Today, the point is moot in most of the traditions of the Western Church which used to observe Twelfth Night.  In the Roman Church, Christmas has extended through to the First Sunday after the Epiphany, which is the Sunday of the Baptism, since the encyclical of Pope Paul VI revising the lectionary in 1969.  The same is the case for those Protestant churches who have adopted the Revised Common Lectionary which is based on the Ordo Lectionum Missae of Rome, in America, Canada, England, Scotland, Ireland, the Philippines, Australia, and Italy.