The
Cherokee have participated in over forty treaties in the past three hundred
years.
Treaty
between two Cherokee towns with English Traders of Carolina, 1684: first treaty of trade between the Cherokee and European immigrants.
Treaty
with South Carolina, 1721: Ceded land between the Santee, Saluda, and Edisto
Rivers to the Province of South Carolina.
Treaty
of Nikwasi, 1730:
Trade agreement with the Province of North Carolina thru Alexander Cumming.
Treaty
of Whitehall, 1730:
“Articles of Trade and Friendship” between
the Cherokee and the English colonies. Signed between seven Cherokee chiefs and
George I of England.
Treaty
with South Carolina, 24 November 1755: Ceded land between the Wateree and
Santee Rivers to the Province of South Carolina.
Treaty
with North Carolina, 1756: Treaty of
alliance by the Province of North Carolina with the Cherokee and the Catawba
during the French and Indian War.
Treaty
of Long-Island-on-the-Holston, 20 July 1761: Ended the Anglo-Cherokee War
with the Colony of Virginia.
Treaty
of Charlestown, 18 December 1761: Ended the Anglo-Cherokee War with the
Province of South Carolina.
Treaty
of Johnson Hall, 12 March 1768: Guaranteed
peace between the Cherokee on one side and the Six Nations Iroquois, the Seven
Confederate Nations, and the Caughnawaga on the other.
Treaty
of Hard Labour, 17 October 1768: Ceded land in southwestern Virginia to
the British Indian Superintendent, John Stuart.
Treaty
of Lochaber, 18 October 1770: Ceded land in the later states of
Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky to the Colony of Virginia.
Treaty
with Virginia, early 1772: Ceded land in Virginia and eastern Kentucky to the
Colony of Virginia.
Treaty
of Augusta, 1 June 1773: Ceded Cherokee claim to 8100 km2 to
the Colony of Georgia.
Treaty
of Sycamore Shoals, 14 March 1775: Ceded claims to the hunting grounds
between the Ohio and Cumberland Rivers to the Transylvania Land Company.
Treaty
of DeWitts’ Corner, 20 May 1777: The Lower Cherokee ceded their lands to the
States of South Carolina and Georgia and agreed to migrate westward into what’s
now North Georgia.
Treaty
of Fort Henry, 20 July 1777: The Overhill, Middle, Out, and Valley Cherokee,
this confirmed the cession of the lands to the Watauga Association with the
States of Virginia and North Carolina and ceded the Out Towns to North
Carolina.
Treaty of Long-Island-on-the-Holston, 26
July 1781
: Peace treaty between the Overhill, Valley, and Middle Towns, and the
Overmountain settlers that confirmed former cessions but gave up no additional
land.
Treaty
of Long Swamp Creek, 30 May 1783: Confirmed the northern boundary of the
State of Georgia with the Cherokee, between the latter and that state, with the
Cherokee ceding large amounts of land between the Savannah and Chattachoochee
Rivers to the State of Georgia in the Treaty of Long Swamp Creek.
Treaty of French Lick, 6 November 1783: A peace treaty
between the Commonwealth of Virginia and the Chickasaw; however, the Lower
Cherokee present at the conference also made an agreement of cease-fire.
Treaty of Pensacola, 30 May 1784: For alliance
and commerce between New Spain and the Cherokee and Creek.
Treaty
of Dumplin Creek, 10 June 1785: Ceded remaining land within the
claimed boundaries of Sevier County to the State of Franklin, signed at Henry’s Station.
Treaty
of Hopewell, 28 November 1785: Changed the boundaries between the
U.S. and Cherokee lands.
Treaty
of Coyatee, 20 July 1786: Made with the State of Franklin at gunpoint, this
treaty ceded the remaining land north of the Little Tennessee River.
Treaty
of Holston, 2 July 1791: Established boundaries between the United States
and the Cherokee Nation. Guaranteed by the United States that the lands of the
Cherokee Nation have not been ceded to the United States.
Treaty
of Philadelphia, 17 February 1792: Supplemented
the previous Holston treaty regarding annuities, etc.
Treaty
of Walnut Hills, 10 April 1792: Between the Spanish governor in New
Orleans and the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, and Seminole in which the former
promised the latter military protection.
Treaty
of Pensacola, 26 September 1792: Between the Lower Cherokee under John
Watts and Arturo O'Neill, governor of Spanish West Florida, for arms and
supplies with which to wage war against the United States.
Treaty
of Philadelphia, 26 June 1794: Reaffirmed the provisions of the 1785
Treaty of Hopewell and the 1791 Treaty of Holston, particularly those regarding
land cession.
Treaty
of Tellico Blockhouse, 8 November 1794: Peace treaty with of the United States
with the Lower Cherokee ending the Chickamauga Wars (1776-1794).
Treaty
of Tellico, 2 October 1798: The boundaries promised in the previous treaty had
not been marked and white settlers had come in. Because of this, the Cherokee
were told they would need to cede new lands as an "acknowledgment" of
the protection of the United States. The U.S. would guarantee the Cherokee
could keep the remainder of their land "forever".
Treaty
of Tellico, 24 October 1804: Ceded land.
Treaty
of Tellico, 25 October 1805: Ceded land, including that for the Federal Road
through the Cherokee Nation.
Treaty
of Tellico, 27 October 1805: Ceded land for the state assembly of Tennessee,
whose capital was then in East Tennessee, to meet upon.
Treaty
of Washington City, 7 January 1806: Ceded land.
Treaty
of Fort Jackson, 9 August 1814: Ended the Creek War, demanded land
from both the Creek and the Cherokee.
Treaty
of Washington City, 22 March 1816: Ceded last remaining lands within the
territory limits claimed by South Carolina to the state.
Treaty
of Chickasaw Council House, 14 September 1816: Ceded land.
Treaty
of the Cherokee Agency, 8 July 1817: Acknowledged the division between the
Upper Towns, which opposed emigration, and the Lower Towns, which favored
emigration, and provided benefits for those who chose to emigrate west and 640
acre (2.6 km2) reserves for those who did not, with the possibility
of citizenship of the state they are in.
Treaty
of Washington City, 27 February 1819: Reaffirmed the Treaty of the Cherokee
Agency of 1817, with a few added provisions specifying land reserves for
certain Cherokee.
Treaty
of San Antonio de Bexar, 8 November 1822: Granted land in the province of
Spanish Tejas in the Viceroyalty of New Spain upon which the Cherokee band of
The Bowl could live. Though signed by the Spanish governor of Tejas, the treaty
was never ratified by the Spanish Empire nor by the succeeding Mexican Empire
nor by the Republic of Mexico.
Treaty
of Washington City, 6 May 1828: Cherokee Nation West ceded its lands
in Arkansas Territory for lands in what becomes Indian Territory.
Treaty
of New Echota, 29 December 1835: Surrendered to the United States the
lands of the Cherokee Nation East in return for $5,000,000 dollars to be
disbursed on a per capita basis, an additional $500,000 dollars is for
educational funds, title in perpetuity to an equal amount of land in Indian
Territory to that given up, and full compensation for all property left in the
East. The treaty was rejected by the Cherokee National Council but approved by
the U.S. Senate.
Treaty
of Bowles Village, 23 February 1836: Granted nearly 4000 km2 of
land in the east of the Republic of Texas to the Texas Cherokees and Twelve
Associated Tribes.
Violation of this treaty led to the Cherokee War of 1839 in which most Cherokees were driven north into the Choctaw Nation or who fled south into Mexico. Following this episode, remaining Texas Cherokees under Chicken Trotter joined Mexican forces in a guerrilla war that culminated with the invasion of San Antonio by Mexican General Adrian Woll. Cherokee and allied Indians saw action at the Battle of Salado Creek and against the Dawson regiment. Following this conflict, it was apparent that Mexico was not going to be able to provide the remaining Texas Cherokees with any stability or lands in Texas. This led to a push for peace by newly re-installed Texas President Sam Houston to push for a peace treaty in 1843.
Violation of this treaty led to the Cherokee War of 1839 in which most Cherokees were driven north into the Choctaw Nation or who fled south into Mexico. Following this episode, remaining Texas Cherokees under Chicken Trotter joined Mexican forces in a guerrilla war that culminated with the invasion of San Antonio by Mexican General Adrian Woll. Cherokee and allied Indians saw action at the Battle of Salado Creek and against the Dawson regiment. Following this conflict, it was apparent that Mexico was not going to be able to provide the remaining Texas Cherokees with any stability or lands in Texas. This led to a push for peace by newly re-installed Texas President Sam Houston to push for a peace treaty in 1843.
Treaty
of Bird’s Fort, 29 September 1843: Ended hostilities between several
Texas tribes, including the Cherokees, and the Republic of Texas. The Treaty
which was ratified by the Congress of the Republic of Texas, recognized the
tribal status of the Texas Indians as distinct, including the Cherokees that
would later become known as the Texas Cherokees and Associate Bands. President
of Texas Sam Houston, adopted son of former Principal Chief of the Cherokee
Nation West John Jolly, signed for the republic. This treaty, honored by the
State of Texas following annexation, has never been abrogated by the Congress
of the United States and in theory is still valid.
Treaty
with the Republic of Texas, 1844: Additional treaty in which Chicken
Trotter and Wagon Bowles were involved, but never ratified.
Treaty
of Washington City, 6 August 1846: Ended the covert war between the
various factions of the Cherokee Nation that had been ongoing since 1839 and
attempted to unite the Old Settlers, the Treaty Party, and the Latecomers (or
National Party).
Treaty
of Fort Smith, Arkansas, 13 September 1865: Recognized the claims of the
John Ross party as the legitimate Cherokee Nation vis-a-vis those of the Stand
Watie party, as well as a cease-fire between the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw,
Comanche, Creek, Osage, Quapaw, Seminole, Seneca, Shawnee, Wichita, and
Wyandot, with the United States.
Treaty
of the Cherokee Nation, 19 July 1866: Annulled a "pretended
treaty" with Confederate Cherokees; granted amnesty to Cherokees;
established a US district court in Indian Territory; prevented the US from
trading in the Cherokee Nation unless approved by the Cherokee council or
taxing residents of the Cherokee Nation; established that all Cherokee Freedmen
and free African-Americans living in the Cherokee Nation "shall have all
the rights of native Cherokees"; established right of way for rivers,
railroads, and other transportation their Cherokee lands; allowed for the US to
settle other Indian people in the Cherokee Nation; prevented members of the US
military from selling alcohol to Cherokees for non-medicinal purposes; ceded
Cherokee lands in Kansas; and established boundaries and settlements for
various individuals.
Treaty
of Washington City, 29 April 1868: Supplemented the treaty of 1866 and
also ceded the Cherokee Outlet in Indian Territory.
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